语法十课Ten Grammar Lessons
语法第一课：阳性——阴性——中性
在拉丁语中，男人的名称一般词尾为-us（阳性），妇女的名称则为-a（阴性），如：
Lucius（男） - Lucia（女）; Petrus - Petra; Iulius - Iulia; Anastasius - Anastasia; Cornelius - Cornelia;
（注：西语的Norah, Agatha, Natasha, Francesca, Natalia等名称都是妇女的名称！）
拉丁语有阳、阴、中三性；在A-和O-变格中，阳性的词尾是-us，阴性的是 -a，中性的是 -um。
Marcus servus est（阳性）. Lucia ancilla est（阴性）. Beijing oppidum est（中性）.
Marcus is a servant. Lucilla is a maidservant. Beijing is a town.
马尔谷是一位仆人。路西亚是女仆人。北京是一个城市。
Petrus dominus est. Italia est patria mea. Tiantan est templum.
Petrus is master (of the household). Italy is my fatherland. Tiantan is a temple.
伯多禄是主人（一家之主）。意大利是我的祖国。天坛是一座殿宇。
Confucius magister est. Dou'e filia est. Erhu instrumentum musicum est.
Confucius is a teacher. Dou'e is a daughter. The Erhu is a musical instrument.
孔子是（一位）老师。窦娥是（一个）女儿。二胡是（一个）乐器。
有的名词可以是阳性或阴性的：
dominus - domina filius - filia servus - serva amicus - amica rex - regina lord - mistress son - daughter servant - maid friend - girl friend king - queen
男主人 - 女主人 儿子 - 女儿 男仆 - 女仆 男友 - 女友 国王 - 女王
Confucius magister meus est, et Dou'e magistra mea est.
Confucius is my teacher, and Dou'e is my teacher, too.
孔子是我的老师，窦娥也是我的老师。
Amicus Socrates, amicus Plato, magis amica veritas.
Socrates is [my] friend, Plato is [my] friend, but truth is [even] a dearer friend [to me].
苏格拉底是朋友，柏拉图是朋友，但真理是更大的朋友。
形容词和代词必须符合名词：
bonus servus; bona domina; bonum instrumentum;
a good servant; a good mistress; a good instrument;
好仆人； 好女主人； 好工具；
amicus meus; patria mea; meum instrumentum;
my friend; my fatherland; my instrument;
我的朋友；我的祖国；我的工具；
形容词可以放在名词前或后：
Marcus bonus servus est. Est filia honesta Dou'e. Templum magnum Tiantan est.
Marcus is a good servant. An honest daughter is Dou'e. Tiantan is a large temple.
马尔谷是一个好的仆人。窦娥是一个可敬的女儿。天坛是一个大的殿宇。
语法第二课：单数和复数
单数和复数可以从词尾认出；阳、阴、中性词的变格不同（请见变格表）：
servus bonus - servi boni; dominus honestus - domini honesti; amicus Romanus - amici Romani;
a good servant - good servants; an honorable lord - honorable lords; a Roman friend - Roman friends;
一个好仆人 - 诸好仆人；可敬的主人-诸可敬的主人；罗马朋友-诸罗马朋友；
magna domina - magnae dominae; mea bona filia - meae bonae filiae;
a mighty mistress - mighty mistresses; my good daughter - my good daughters;
伟大的女主人-诸伟大的女主人；我的好女儿-我的好女儿们；
magnum oppidum - magna oppida; templum Sericum famosum - templa Serica famosa;
a big city - big cities; a famous Chinese temple - famous Chinese temples;
一大城市-诸大城市；一座有名的华夏殿宇-诸多有名的华夏殿宇；
unus servus - duo servi; una filia - duae filiae; magnum templum - magna templa;
one servant - two servants; one daughter - two daughters; a large temple - large temples;
一个仆人- 两个仆人；一个女儿 - 两个女儿；一个大的殿宇 - 几个大的殿宇；
动词必须符合名词的单数或复数：
Paulus est servus bonus. Petrus et Paulus sunt servi boni.
Paul is a good servant. Peter and Paul are good servants.
保禄是一个好仆人。伯多禄和保禄是好的仆人（们）。
Dou'e est filia honesta. Dou'e et Antigone sunt feminae honestae.
Dou'e is an honorable daughter. Dou'e and Antigone are honorable women.
窦娥是一位可敬的女儿。窦娥和安提哥涅是可敬的妇女。
Beijing est magnum oppidum. Beijing et Shanghai sunt oppida magna.
Beijing is a big city. Beijing and Shanghai are big cities.
北京是一个大的城市。北京和上海是大的城市。
Magister habet multos discipulos. Multi sunt in Beijing, unus est in Shanghai.
The teacher has many students. Many are in Beijing, one is in Shanghai.
老师有很多学生。许多是在北京，一个是在上海。
Magister docet multum, non multa. Unus homo - una sententia. Quot homines, tot sententiae.
The teacher teaches much, not many things. One man - one opinion. As many opinions as men.
老师教（内容上）多，不是许多东西。一人一个观点。有多少人就有多少观点。
如果主语有阳和阴性，谓语以阳性为主：
Pater et mater sani sunt. Confucius et Dou'e sunt magistri mei. [非"sanae", "magistrae"，阳性强于阴性]
Father and mother are healthy. Confucius and Dou'e are my teachers.
父亲和母亲身体好。孔子和窦娥是我的老师。
写复数：servus malus, serva mala, domina honesta, oppidum magnum, instrumentum pulchrum
写单数：dona pulchra, bella tristia, casae magnae, domini severi, oppida parva, feminae tenerae
语法第三课：主格、属格、与格、宾格、夺格、呼格
通过变格（词尾变化）可以表达不同的意思。根据变格必须认出主语和宾语（见词尾！）。主、谓、宾语可以很灵活地处置：说“父亲给儿子一匹马”，也可以这样说：“一匹马给儿子父亲”（见下“与格”），但其意思由于变格仍然十分清楚。
主格：（回答的问题：“谁？”、“什么？”）
Petrus est dominus. Servus bonus est. Hora fugit.
Peter is master. The servant is good. Time flies.
伯多禄是主人。仆人好。时间过得快。
属格：（所有格、回答的问题：“谁的？”、“属谁？”）
filia Petri = Petri filia; pater Iuliae; donum Pauli; oppida patriae; mater discipuli;
Peter's daughter; Julia's father; Paul's present; the cities of the fatherland; the student's mother;
伯多禄的女儿；尤利亚的父亲；保禄的礼物；祖国的诸城市；学生的母亲；
请说：主人的女儿；孔子的朋友；老师的礼物；
与格：（间接受格、回答的问题：“对于谁？”、“给谁？”）
Paulus proverbium dixit Petro. Magister discipulo donum dat. Magister discipulis dona dat.
Paul told Peter a proverb. The teacher gives the student a gift. The teacher gives the students gifts.
保禄给伯多禄说一个成语。老师给学生一个礼物。老师给学生们一些礼物。
Pater filio equum dat. = Dat pater equum filio. Mater filiae columbam dat.
The father gives a horse to the son. The mother gives the daughter a dove.
父亲给儿子一匹马。母亲给女儿一只鸽子。
请说：主给仆人一匹马。老师给学生们说一成语。
宾格：（直接受格、回答的问题：“针对谁？”、“针对什么东西？”）
Pater donum dat. Filius donum videt. Equum videt. Magistra proverbium dixit.
The father gives a present. The son sees the present. He sees a horse. The teacher said a proverb.
父亲给一个礼物。儿子看礼物。他看一匹马。女老师说一个成语。
请说：儿子看到老师。父亲给主人一个马。主人看到礼物。马看到女儿。
夺格：（回答的问题：“与谁？”、“通过什么？”、“以什么方式？”等）
Petrus cum Paulo; mater cum filia; in oppido magno; Magister discipulos proverbiis docet.
Peter together with Paul; mother with daughter; in a big town; The teacher teaches the students using proverbs.
伯多禄与保禄一同；母亲同女儿；在一个大的城市；老师用成语来教导学生。
Petrus servum donis bonis delectat. Ipso manu scripsit. Pater bono animo est. homo antiqua virtute et fide
Peter pleases the servant by good gifts. Written by himself. Father is in good spirits. a man of classical virtue
伯多禄以好礼物使仆人感到高兴。他亲自写的。父亲精神好。一个古道之人；
Augusto imperatore Petrus in Romam venit. Eo anno Paulus in Athenis erat.
Under the emperor Augustus Peter came to Rome. In that year Paul was in Athens.
奥古斯都任皇帝时，伯多禄来罗马城。那年保禄在雅典城。
请说：父亲和老师是在城市里；父亲通过马使儿子高兴；
呼格：直接称呼一个人
Amice, veni mecum! Domine, Deus meus! Amica mea! O tempora, o mores!
Friend, come with me! Lord, my God! My friend! What a time, which bad customs!
朋友，和我来！主，我的上主！我的朋友！什么时代，什么（败坏的）风俗！
语法第四课：第三个变格
许多名词和形容词的变格不是根据-us, -a, -um的模式，而根据“第三变格”的模式：
单数：主格可以“多样”、属格：-is、于格：-i、宾格：-em、夺格：-e
复数：主格：-es (-ia)、属格：-um (-ium)、于格：-ibus、宾格：-es (-ia)、夺格：-ibus
比如（参见变格表）：
homo（人）, hominis, homini, hominem, homine; Homo homini lupus.
pl: homines, hominum, hominibus, homines, hominibus; Homines hominibus lupi.
civitas（城）, civitatis, civitati, civitatem, civitate;
pl: civitates, civitatum, civitatibus, civitates, civitatibus;
Bonus homo est. Non sunt omnes homines boni. Homo homini lupus. Homo homini magister.
He is a good man. Not all men are good people. One man is a wolf (teacher) to the other.
是一个好人。不是所有的人都是好人。人对人是狼。人对人是老师。
Magnum oppidum civitas est. Omnes civitates magnae sunt. Est Shanghai maxima civitas patriae?
A big town is a city. All cities are big. Is Shanghai the biggest city of the fatherland?
一个大的镇是一个城市。一切城市是大的。上海是祖国最大的城市吗？
tristis homo - tristes homines; tristis domina - tristes dominae; triste templum - tristia templa;
a sad man - sad men; a sad mistress - sad mistresses; a sad temple - sad temples;
一个悲哀的人-诸悲哀的人；一个悲哀的女主人-诸……；一个悲哀的殿宇-诸……；
请说：老师看一个悲哀的人。我的老师并不是一个悲哀的人。窦娥不是一个悲哀的女儿。上海不是一个悲哀的城市。
从这些名词的词尾不能简单地认出其性。字典一般都写出主格、属格和性，如：homo, -inis, m（人，阳性）; civitas, -atis, f（城市，阴性）；学习这些单词时应该记住“词根”和性。词根可以从属格认出：homo, hominis的词根是“homin-”，civitas, civitatis的词根是“civitat-”；
一些规则：
1） 阳性是词尾-or, -os (-oris), -er, -l的名词；如：
clamor, -oris, m; mos, moris, m; carcer, -eris, m; sol, solis, m; sal, salis, m;
例外：arbor, -oris, f
2） 阴性是词尾 -s (-x)和 -o的名词；如：
oratio, -onis,f; fortitudo, -inis, f; virtus, -utis, f; mens, mentis, f; aetas, -atis, f; laus, laudis, f; plebs, plebis, f; ops, opis, f; lex, legis, f; pax, pacis, f; navis, navis, f;
例外：词尾-nis的名词，如finis, -is, m; ignis, -is, m; panis, -is, m;
和collis, lapis, mensis, orbis, piscis, sanguis, limes, paries, pes, ordo, sermo, grex, dens, fons, mons, pons（都是阳性的）
3） 中性是词尾-ar, -e, -al, -men, -ur, -us的名词，如：
exemplar, -aris, n; mare, -is, n; animal, -alis, n; flumen, -inis, n; robur, -oris, n; corpus, -oris, n;
还有：caput, -pitis, n; lac, lactis, n; ius, iuris, n; vas, vasis, n; os, oris, n; os, ossis, n; iter, itineris, n; cor, cordis, n; ver, veris, n; aes, aeris, n;
语法第五课：代词
在拉丁语中，人称代词很多。除了ego（我）、tu（你）、nos（我们）、vos（你我）以外，非常重要的代词是：is（阳，他）、ea（阴，她）、id（中，它）；ille（阳，那个）、illa（阴）、illud（中）；iste（阳，那个）、ista（阴）、istud（中）；hic（阳，这个）、haec（阴）、hoc（中）；它们大约等于汉语的“他、她、它”或“那个”、“那位”、“这个”、“这位”。
Ego interrogo te. Tu mecum venis. Ego et tu amici sumus. Vos et nos discipuli sumus.
I ask you. You come with me. I and you are friends. You and we are students.
我问你。你根我来。我和你是朋友。你们和我们是学生。
ille magister - illi magistri; illa filia - illae filiae; illud templum - illa templa;
that teacher - those teachers; that daughter - those daughters; that temple - those temples
那位老师-那些老师；那位女儿-那些女儿们；那个殿宇-那些殿宇；
Dou'e est bona magistra. Marcus audit illam (eam). Marcus illius (eius) discipulus est.
Dou'e is a good teacher. Marcus listens to her. Marcus is her disciple.
窦娥是一位好老师。马尔谷听她。马尔谷是她的学生。
Doctrina illorum magistrorum bona est. Marcus eorum discipulus est.
The teaching of those teachers is good. Marcus is their disciple.
那些老师们的教导是好的。马尔谷是他们的学生。
Homines sunt discipuli Confucii. Ille est magister eorum. Doctrina eius est ultima ratio iis.
All people are students of Confucius. He is their teacher. His teaching is the last criterion for them.
人们是孔子的学生。他是他们的老师。他的教导是他们的最终原则。
Ille est bonus magister. Is est magister meus. Iste magister noster est.
That is a good teacher. He is my teacher. That one is our teacher.
那位是一个好老师。他是我老师。那位是我们的老师。
Illa est filia mea. Ea est filia mea. Haec est filia mea.
That one is my daughter. She is my daughter. This one is my daughter.
那个是我女儿。她是我女儿。这个是我女儿。
Petrus pater eius est. Paulus eam amat. Iulia eum videt. Ei dat donum.
Peter is his (her) father. Paul loves her. Julia sees him. She (he) gives him (her) a gift.
伯多禄是他（她）的父亲。保禄爱慕她。尤利亚看他。她（他）给予他（她）一个礼物。
Paulus eos visitat. Eas videt. Eis dat dona. Earum ancilla sum.
Paul visits them. He sees them. He gives them gifts. I am their maidservant.
保禄探访他们。他看到她们。他给予他们（她们）礼物。我是她们的女仆。
请写单数：Magistri eos vident. Eis dona dant. Libri eorum sunt hic. Ancillae eius veniunt. Illa dona bona sunt.
请写复数：Id est res magna. Hic est magister meus. Ea est filia mea. Haec est ancilla nostra.
请说：他来。那些女仆人来。这是我的朋友。这个老师是他们的。
语法第六课：动词基本知识
认识动词的词根是很关键的。因此，字典一般都写出现在时第一人称（有时加上第二人称）、原形、完成时第一人称和过去时分词：laudo (laudas), laudare, laudavi, laudatus（或简写：laudo, -as, -are, -avi, -atus），即“我赞美、你赞美、赞美、我赞美了、被赞美的”；根据动词的词尾可以明确认定人称、时态、语态等。关于动词的各种变位（A-变位、E-变位、第三变位、I-变位等）请参考并学习“动词变位表”！
现在式的词尾是：-o, -s, -t, -mus, -tis, -nt; 完成式：在完成式词根后加上：-i, -isti, -it, -imus, -istis, -erunt
比如：现在时： 完成时：
laudo：我赞美 laudamus：我们赞美 laudavi ：我赞美了 laudavimus：我们赞美了
laudas：你赞美 laudatis：你们赞美 laudavisti：你赞美了 laudavistis：你们赞美了
laudat：他赞美 laudant：他们赞美 laudavit：他赞美了 laudaverunt：他们赞美了
主语包含在动词内，因此一个动词就可以当一句话：
Cogito (ergo sum). Veni. Vidi. Vici. Non possumus. Oremus. Audiatur.
I think (therefore I am). I come (came). I saw. I conquered. We cannot. Let us pray. He may be heard.
我思（故我在）。我来（了）。我看了。我战胜了。我们不能。让我们祈祷。他应被聆听。
Magister docet, discipuli audiunt. Magister docebat, discipuli audiebant.
The teacher teaches, the students listen. The teacher taught, the students listened.
老师教书，学生们听。老师教了，学生们听了。
Tu ambulas, nos ludimus. Tu ambulavisti, nos lusimus. Pater et filius veniunt. Pater cum filio venit.
You walk around, we play. You walked, we played. The father and the son come. The father comes with the son.
你走一走，我们玩。你走了，我们玩了。父亲和儿子来。父亲与儿子来。
Mater et filia venerunt. Nec pater nec filius venit. Iulia dixit patrem et matrem venire.
Mother and daughter came. Neither the father nor the son comes (came). Julia says that father and mother come.
母亲和女儿来。父亲和儿子都不来。尤利亚说父亲和母亲来。
一些不规则的动词需要特别注意：
“是”esse：sum：我是、es：你是、est：他是；fui：我曾是（见动词变位表！）
“能够”posse：possum：我能、potes：你能、potest：他能；potui：我曾能
“要”velle：volo：我要、vis你要、vult：他要、volui：我曾要
“不要”nolle：nolo：我不要、non vis你不要、non vult：他不要、nolui：我曾不要
“走”、“去”：ire：eo：我走、is：你走、it：他走、ii (ivi)：我走了
Volo intellegere hanc sententiam, sed non possum. Tu non vis intellegere eam.
I want to understand this sentence, but I cannot. You do not want to understand it.
我要理解这句话，但我不能。你不愿意理解它。
Marcus vult equum capere. Non potest capere equum. Non possumus capere equum.
Marcus wants to catch the horse. He cannot catch it. We cannot catch the horse.
马尔谷想捉住这个马。他不能捉住马。我们不会捉住它。
注意：禁令有这样的形式：noli (nolite)加动词原形：
Noli loqui! Noli videre! Nolite timere! Nolite capere equum!
Do not talk! Do not look! Do not fear (pl)! Do not catch the horse (pl)!
你不要说！你不要看！你们不要怕！你们不要捉这个马！
语法第七课：问句和命令式
在拉丁语中，quis?（谁？）、quid?（什么？）、cur? = quare?（为什么？）、quando?（什么时候？）、quo?（到哪里？）和ubi?（哪里？）等可以构成问句。命令式对于单数第二人称是动词的词根，在复数加上-te：veni!（你来吧！）；venite!（你们来吧！）
Lucius Marcum interrogat: Quid agis, Marce? Quando venis?
Lucius asks Marcus: What do you do, Marcus? When do you come?
L问M：你作什么，M？你什么时候来？
Marcus respondet: In forum propero. [forum, fori, n: 广场、市场、集议场]
Marcus answers: I run to the forum.
M回答：我跑到集议场。
Lucius amicos interrogat: Quo properatis? Quo vadite?
Lucius asks the friends: Where do you run? Where do you go?
L问（他的）朋友们：你们跑哪里？你我去哪里？
Lucius interrogat eos: Cur in forum properatis? Quare omnes in forum properant?
Lucius asks them: Why do you go to the forum? Why do all run to the forum?
L问他们：你们为什么跑到集议场呢？为什么所有的人都去集议场？
Ii respondent: Filia praetoris ibi decollatur. Cur non venis? [decollo, -collare: to behead]
They answer: The daughter of the governor will be executed there. Why do you not come?
他们回答：总督的女儿在那里被砍头。你不来吗？
Lucius respondet: Iam venio. Quid est nomen illae feminae? Quo nomine appellatur? Est nomen eius Dou'e?
Lucius answers: I come. What is the name of this lady? How is she called? Is her name Dou'e?
L回答：我马上来。那个女人的名字是什么？不是窦娥吗？
Quando in urbem nostram venit? Ubi domicilium habet?
When did she come into our city? Where does she live?
她什么时候来到我们的城市呢？她的家在哪里？
Lucius vocat Iuliam: Veni in forum! Specta filiam praetoris! Curre!
Lucius calls Julia: Come to the forum! See the daughter of the governor! Run!
L叫尤利亚：来到集议场！看总督的女儿！跑！
Vocat servos: Venite, servi! Currite, properate! Venite et spectate!
He calls the servants: Come, servants! Run, hurry up! Come and see!
他叫仆人们：来吧，仆人们！跑，快来！来看看！
Servi respondent: Iam venimus. Properamus. Nos etiam volumus videre hoc spectaculum.
The servants answer: We come already. We run. We also want to see this spectacle.
仆人们回答：我们已经来。我们跑。我们也要看到这个事。
Omnes homines ad forum properant. Vident unam feminam et mortem suam.
All people run to the forum. They see a woman and her end.
一切人跑到集议场。他们看到一位妇女和她的去世。
请说：你什么时候来？你去哪里？你为什么到殿宇去？你看到什么？那位女士是谁？
语法第八课：主动式——被动式
拉丁语经常用被动式的表达方式，在汉语翻译也经常构成麻烦。
主动式的词尾是：-o, -s, -t, -mus, -tis, -nt
被动式的词尾是：-or, -ris, -tur, -mur, -mini, -ntur
Voco Marcum. Marcus vocatur. Marcus vocabat me. Ego vocor. Ego vocabar. Vocatus eram.
I call Marcus. Marcus is called. Marcus called me. I am called. I was called. I was called.
我叫马尔谷。马尔谷被叫。马尔谷叫我了。我被叫。我曾被叫。我曾被叫。
Visitamus omnia templa in civitate. Templa visitantur a nobis.
We visit all temples in the city. The temples are visited by us.
我们参观市中所有的殿宇。诸殿宇由我们参观。
Confucium magistrum appellamus. Confucius a nobis magister appellatur.
We call Confucius teacher. Confucius is called teacher by us.
我们称孔子为老师。孔子被我们称为老师。
Videre（“看”）的被动式表达“看起来是”、“好象是”、“好象”：
Magister ille homo bonus (esse) videtur. Venire videtur. Mentiri videris.
That teacher seems to be a good person. He (she) seems to come. You seem to say a lie.
那位老师好象是一个好人。他（她）好象来。你好象说谎。
Mihi videtur illum magistrum bonum esse. = Mihi videtur (quod) magister bonus est.
It seems to me that he is a good teacher. It seems to me that the teacher is good.
我认为，这个老师是好的。我认为他是一个好老师。
有的动词只有被动式，但它们的意思还是主动的；其中一些重要的例子是：conor, vereor, loquor, patior：
conari：原型：试图、conor：我尝试、conaris你尝试、conatus sum我曾尝试
vereri：原型：害怕、vereor：我害怕、vereris你害怕、veritus sum我曾害怕
loqui：原型：说、loquor：我说、loqueris你说、locutus sum我说了
pati：原型：受苦、patior：我受苦、pateris你受苦、passus sum我曾受了苦
Vinum facit socios loqui optimum Latinum. Moyse locutus est ad patres nostros.
Wine makes the friends speak perfect Latin. Moses spoke to our fathers.
葡萄酒使朋友们说完美的拉丁语。梅瑟曾对我们祖先说过话。
另外一些重要的被动式的动词是：
opinor, -ari（认为）、recordor, -ari（回忆）、fateor, -eri（承认）、intueor, -eri（观望）、sequor, sequi（追求、跟随）、fungor, fungi（管理、完成）、utor, uti（利用）、nascor, nasci（被出生）、mentior, mentiri（说谎）、aggredior, -gredi（走近、攻击）、morior, mori（去世）；
Cogitationis poenam nemo patitur. Qui utitur iure suo non facit iniuriam. Mortuus est.
Nobody suffers a punishment for thoughts. Who exerts his proper rights will not do injustice. He died.
没有人为思想受惩罚。用自己的合法权利，就不犯法。他去世了。
语法第九课：关系从句
西方语言的“关系从句”在汉语翻译经常呈现出一些困难。基本上，英语的关系代词（who, which, that等）等于拉丁语的qui-quae-quod；其用法也一样。关系代词必须符合主语。
Templum maximum quod est in Beijing Tiantan est.
The biggest temple which is in Beijing is the Tiantan.
最大的殿宇——该殿在北京——是天坛。（北京最大的殿宇是天坛。）
Templum, quod anno 1430 ab iis in Beijing constructum erat, Tiantan appellatur.
The temple, which was erected by them in Beijing in the year 1430, is called Tiantan.
这个殿宇——该殿宇在1430年由他们在北京建立的——被称天坛。
Magister qui docet bonus est. Discipuli qui audiunt boni sunt.
A teacher who teaches is good. Students who listen are good.
一个老师，如果施教，是好的。聆听的学生（们）是好的学生（们）。
Qui docet magister est. Quicumque audit discipulus est. Quae nocent, docent.
The one who teaches is a teacher. Whoever listens is a student. Things that hurt teach.
施教的是老师。无论谁聆听就是学生。伤害之事能够教训（中性复数！）。
Magister, cuius doctrina bona est, semper amatur.
A teacher whose doctrine is good will always be loved.
一个老师——该老师的教导是好的——总被爱慕。（有好教导的老师总被爱。）
Magister cui librum do est homo antiqua virtute.
The teacher to whom I give the book is a man of solid virtue.
老师——我给予他这书——是古道之人。
Feminae quas saepe videmus et salutamus in schola sunt magistrae nostrae.
The women whom we often see and greet at school are our teachers.
我们在学校里经常见到并问好的妇女们是我们的女老师们。
Magister quem amamus habet bonam doctrinam.
The teacher whom we love has a good doctrine.
老师——该我们所爱——有了良好的教导。（我们所爱的老师有好教导。）
Organum pulchrum quo videmus est oculus.
The beautiful organ by which we see is the eye.
那个美丽的器官——我们通过它观看——是眼睛。
Instrumentum quo cogitamus est lingua Latina.
The instrument by which we think is Latin language.
工具——我们通过它进行思考——是拉丁语。（我们通过拉丁语这个工具而思考。）
Cena quae delectat nos est acerrima. Cena qua delectamur est acerrima.
The meal which delights us is spicy. The meal by which we are delighted is very spicy.
使我们快乐的菜很辣。这个菜——通过它我们感到高兴——是非常辣的。
Quidquid recipitur admodum recipientis recipitur.
Whatever is being received is received according to the specific manner of the recipient.
所被接受的东西是按照接受者的方式而被接受的。
语法第十课：翻译练习
请根据各种语法表翻译下面的句子并说明其中的语法。
Sina et Sinenses [Sina ae f: China; sinensis e: Chinese; pl: sinenses: Chinese people]
Sina est patria nostra. [patria ae f: 祖国; noster tra trum: 我们的]
Diligimus patriam nostram et civitates patriae. [dilig 喜欢]
Urbs capitalis Sinae est Beijing (="urbs septentritionalis"). [urbs urbis f:城市; septentritionalis e: 北的]
Agri et fluvii patriam nostram ornant. [ager agri m:田地; fluvius i m:河流; ornare:美化，装饰]
Fluvius Flavus et Fluvius Longus sunt valde lati et magni. [flavus a um: 黄的; valde: 非常]
In ripis fluviorum et secundum mare sunt multa oppida et civitates. [ripa ae f:河岸; oppidum i n:城市]
Sina habet multae nationes et gentes. [gens gentis f:民族]
Homines Sinenses loquuntur multas linguas. [loquor loqui:说]
Multi docti viri et egregii poetae in patria nostra fuerunt. [vir doctus:学者]
Litterae Confucii erant fundamentum legum et doctrinae. [litterae arum f:著作; lex legis f:法律]
Primus imperator incendit litteras antiquas. [incendo ere cendi census:烧]
Construxit murum longum. [construo ere construxi:建立; murus i m:墙]
Nomen eius erat Qinshi Huang. [nomen, nominis, n:名称]
Imperatores constituerunt nomen et situm urbis capitalis. [constituere:决定; situs us m:处境]
Imperatores instituerunt structuram administrationis. [administratio onis f:管理制度]
Imperatores gubernabant actiones et litteras virorum doctorum. [gubernare:治理]
Xuanye imperator, qui etiam Kangxi appellatur, didicit linguam Latinam. [disco, ere, didici:学习]
Etiam Ma Xiangbo didicit linguam Latinam et linguam Graecam, et erat magister earum linguarum.
In anno 1897, Ma Xiangbo scripsit librum de grammatica linguae sinensium.
Hic liber non erat primus in mundo, sed erat primus in Sina et pro sinensibus.
Antiquum imperium domus Aisin Gioro anno 1911 collapsum est. [collabor:崩溃]
In illo tempore evenit "motus novae culturae". [evenit:发生了; motus us m:运动]
Nonnulli magistri et doctores participaverunt in illo motu.
Illi multum disputaverunt modernitatem Sinae. [multum:多; disputare:讨论]
Considerabant revolutionem, liberationem, progressum, reformationem et apertionem. [apertio onis f:开放]
Multi homines eas res disputant usque ad huc. [res rei f:事务]
Quae est patria nostra? Sina est patria nostra.
Quare diligimus patriam nostram? Quia pulchros locos habet.
Quod est nomen urbis capitalis? Nomen eius Beijing est, quia in septentritione sita est.
Quid patriam nostram ornat? Agri et fluvii patriam nostram ornant.
Qui fluvii sunt valde lati et magni? Fluvius Flavus et Fluvius Longus sunt fluvii maximi.
Ubi sunt oppida et civitates? Ibi sunt. In ripis fluviorum et secundum mare sunt oppida et civitates.
Quot gentes et nationes Sina habet? Nescio. Gentes et nationes multae sunt.
Quis erat primus imperator Sinae? Nomen eius Qin Shihuang erat.
Quid egit? Incendit litteras et construxit murum longum.
Quare construxit murum longum? Nescio. Puto quod timebat nationes alias.
Quare Xuanye didicit linguam Latinam? Quaerebat novam scientiam.
Quando evenit "motus novae culturae"? Erat in annis post revolutionem, in aetate rei publicae.
Magistri quomodo participabant liberationem patriae? Ei disputaverunt modernitatem Sinae.
Disputant et nunc? Adhuc disputant et etiam cras disputabunt.
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[“如果康熙皇帝坚持把拉丁语学下去，中国的知识界就不同了。”刘小枫《圣灵降临的叙事》，上海三联，2003年，119页。]